More than 6000 police officers, including anti-riot squads, were deployed to secure the Senate, where pro-and anti-Duterte demonstrators were expected to converge on Monday.
Duterte or her lawyers can appear at the start of the trial, which will run for 92 days, according to a pre-trial plan seen by The Associated Press.
If convicted of the charges, which include amassing unexplained wealth and publicly threatening to have Marcos assassinated, Duterte may be permanently disqualified from holding public office. She denies the charges.
A conviction would be a lethal blow to her announced plan to seek the presidency in mid-2028, when Marcos ends his six-year term.
Marcos and Duterte were running mates in the 2022 elections, in a whirlwind alliance that combined the vote-getting power of two of the country's most formidable political dynasties but the union rapidly fell apart.
The vice president is the daughter of former President Rodrigo Duterte, Marcos' predecessor.
He was arrested last year on orders of the International Criminal Court and flown to The Hague, where he remains detained and was scheduled to face trial over crimes against humanity on November 30.
The charges stem from the ex-president's brutal anti-drugs crackdowns that left thousands of mostly poor suspects dead, alarming Western governments and human rights groups.
Rodrigo Duterte has denied authorising extra-judicial killings but repeatedly threatened suspects with death while in office.
The vice president has blamed Marcos for her father's arrest and handover to the ICC.
Marcos and the Dutertes have contrasting geopolitical leanings.
Marcos has expanded defence engagements with the United States, his country's treaty ally, as his administration stood up to China's increasingly aggressive actions in the disputed South China Sea.
Rodrigo Duterte had nurtured cosy ties with Chinese President Xi Jinping and Russian leader Vladimir Putin while threatening to sever ties with Washington.
The vice president has come under fire for not condemning China's assaults, including with the use of powerful water cannons, against Filipino forces and fishermen in the disputed waters.
Last month, the House of Representatives, which is dominated by Marcos' allies, voted overwhelmingly to impeach the vice president over alleged unexplained wealth, misuse of confidential state funds and a public threat to have the president, his wife and a former House speaker and ally assassinated if she herself were killed due to their political disputes.
She has denied the charges but has refused to publicly answer the allegations in detail.
Her supporters have accused Marcos and his key aides of politically persecuting the vice president and allies to ensure her impeachment.
Two-thirds of the 24-member Senate, or 16 votes, are needed to convict the vice president.
