About 100 million litres of jet fuel will begin arriving in Australia in three shipments from the beginning of June.
The additional fuel followed talks held between Prime Minister Anthony Albanese and Chinese Premier Li Qiang.
Foreign Minister Penny Wong also visited China in April for talks with Premier Li on fuel supply, leading to Chinese state-owned oil companies agreeing to negotiate directly with Australian businesses on distribution.
China is one of the largest jet fuel exporters to Australia, but has restricted supply since the Iran war started in late February in order to protect its domestic stock.
Mr Albanese said the extra fuel would bring further certainty to supply levels.
"In the face of global challenges, my government will leave no stone unturned to shield Australians from the impact of global fuel challenges," he said.
"The additional 600,000 barrels of jet fuel will help keep Australia moving."
More agricultural-grade urea has also been locked in from Brunei, with more than 38,000 tonnes secured following recent fuel deals.
Agriculture Minister Julie Collins said the supply would give farmers more confidence.
"The additional fertiliser we have secured through our $7.5 billion Fuel and Fertiliser Security Facility will mean Australia's farmers can keep farming," she said.
"Having access to critical inputs like fertiliser underpins the food security of Australia and the countries we export to, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region, which is why we've been working day and night with industry to get fertiliser to our farmers."
The closure of the Strait of Hormuz, where one-fifth of the world's oil supply goes through, has created volatility in global markets.
Senator Wong said Australia was continuing to work with allies to secure fuel supply as the war in the Middle East continues.
"Australia is working with countries in our region to respond to this unprecedented shock to the global economy and ensure the continued flow of essential fuels," she said.
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